氮肥品种及施肥方式对小白菜产量与品质的影响

氮肥在农业生产中起着重要的作用,但是氮肥的大量施用不仅造成养分比例失调及环境污染,而且会限制产量的提高和品质的改善。针对广东蔬菜氮肥施用不合理的现象,在田间试验条件下研究了不同氮肥品种和不同底追比对小白菜产量和营养品质的影响,旨在为华南地区的蔬菜施用氮肥提供参考。试验结果表明,施氮极显著提高了小白菜的生物量和产量,亦增加了硝酸盐的累积量,其中尿素处理增产效果最好,蔬菜专用肥(磷铵 尿素)处理小白菜硝酸盐累积量最低,其次是碳酸氢铵和氯化铵处理。各氮肥处理间Vc和可溶性糖含量差异达到极显著水平,其中蔬菜专用肥处理含量最高;不同底、追肥处理间产量和Vc含量的差异达到显著或极显著水平,而可溶性糖含量差异未达到显著水平。除底肥70%、追肥30%的处理外,其余处理均极显著提高了硝酸盐含量。在本试验条件下,蔬菜专用肥既可以提高小白菜产量,又可以明显改善小白菜营养品质与卫生品质,如果以尿素为氮源,底肥70%、追肥30%是兼顾产量和品质的优化处理。     

Emission of oilseed rape volatiles after pollen beetle infestation; behavioural and electrophysiological responses in the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phradis morionellus</Emphasis>

Summary. The pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, is an important pest of oilseed rape, Brassica napus. Larvae of this species feed only in the buds and flowers of Brassicaceae. One important natural enemy of this beetle is the parasitoid Phradis morionellus that attacks larvae in buds and flowers and also feeds on the flowers. The preferences for odours of non-infested and infested rape were tested for both starved and fed parasitoids in Y-tube olfactometer experiments. The volatile blend released from pollen beetle-infested and non-infested flowering rape and from pollen beetle larvae was identified and quantified. Gas chromatography-electroantennodetection analyses were performed with female P. morionellus. Parasitoids in both treatment groups preferred infested rape, but the proportion of responding female P. morionellus was significantly lower for the group that was starved. Six of the 20 volatiles identified were released at higher rates from infested rape than from non-infested. None of these compounds was found in pollen beetle larvae headspace. P. morionellus antennae detected both major and minor components in the volatile blend. The volatiles released at a significantly higher rate from infested rape and detected by P. morionellus antennae were (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-3-hexenol, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate and (E,E)-α-farnesene.     

Stress response to nanoplastics with different charges in Brassica napus L. during seed germination and seedling growth stages

● Higher concentrations of PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H inhibited seed germination. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H influenced seedling growth in a dose-dependent manner. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H reduced essential nutrients uptake and plant quality. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H increased antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content. ● Nanoplastic toxicity was related to surface charges. Nanoplastic pollution has become a significant problem in farmland systems worldwide. However, research on the effects of nanoplastics (NPs) with different charges on field crops is still limited. In our study, NPs with different charges, including unmodified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS), positively charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH₂), and negatively charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-SO₃H), were investigated for their impacts on seed germination and seedling growth of rape. The results showed that seed water uptake (after 12 h), seed germination, seed vigour, and relative root elongation were all significantly reduced under exposure to NPs (200 mg/L). Similarly, remarkable decreases in plant biomass (root weight, shoot weight), growth (root length, plant height), photosynthesis ability (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), essential nutrient uptake (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu), and plant quality (soluble protein, soluble sugar, crude fibre content) of rape seedlings were also observed after exposure to NPs. Among the three kinds of NPs, PS-NH₂ showed stronger effects. Moreover, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities of rape seedlings were changed, and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased under exposure to NPs. Furthermore, positively charged PS-NH₂ showed stronger effects on the phenotype, physiology, biochemistry, nutrient uptake, and plant quality of rape. Notably, a comprehensive toxicity evaluation revealed that PS-NH₂ had the strongest toxicity to rape. The present study provides important implications for the interaction and risk assessment of NPs and crops in soil-plant systems.     

珠江口水域中华白海豚微量元素含量分析

对珠江口水域12头中华白海豚体内10种微量元素(As、Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg)的含量进行测量.分析结果显示:受试样品中Zn元素含量最高,Cu、Hg次之,Co、Cr、Ni含量最低;肝脏和肾脏中微量元素含量较高,其余各组织器官中的分布不尽相同.分析认为珠江口水域中华白海豚受到一定程度的As、Hg、Cd、Pb污染.     

Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in a soil contaminated by mining tailings in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Three commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers including phosphate rock (PR), calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), and single superphosphate (SSP) were applied to the plot at three P application rates, 50, 300, and 500 g/m2 with 9 treatments and control (CK). Plants, water soluble and exchangeable (WE) extra...     

Application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria for enhancing bioavailability and phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) from polluted soil

In this study, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus megaterium, were used to enhance Cd bioavailability and phytoextractability of Cd from contaminated soils. This strain showed a potential for directly solubilizing phosphorous from soils more than 10 folds greater than the control without inoculation. The results of pot experiments revealed that inoculation with B. megaterium significantly increased the extent of Cd accumulation in Brassica juncea and Abutilon theophrasti by two folds relative to the uninoculated control. The maximum Cd concentrations due to inoculation were 1.6 and 1.8 mg Cd g⁻¹ plant for B. juncea and A. theophrasti after 10 wk, respectively. The total biomass of A. theophrasti was not significantly promoted by the inoculation treatment, yet the total biomass of B. juncea increased from 0.087 to 0.448 g. It is also worth to mention that B. juncea predominantly accumulates Cd in its stems (39%) whereas A. theophrasti accumulates it in its leaves (68%) after 10 wk. The change of the Cd speciation indicated that inoculation of B. megaterium as PSB increased the bioavailabilty of Cd and consequently enhanced its uptake by plants. The present study may provide a new insight for improving phytoremediation using PSB in the Cd-contaminated soils.     

磷、锌和镉交互作用对小白菜生长和锌镉累积的影响

利用不同元素之间的交互作用是控制作物重金属积累的有效手段.采用交替固定两因子的单一因子水平设计,以中性紫色土为材料,进行盆栽试验,探讨磷（P）、锌（Zn）和镉（Cd）不同水平组合对小白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性和Zn、Cd积累的效应和机制,为Cd污染土壤中蔬菜安全生产提供依据.结果表明,适量P和Zn的添加均能促进小白菜生长、抑制Cd在小白菜中的累积,但两者作用机制不同：P主要通过降低土壤中Cd的有效性和提高小白菜抗逆性减少小白菜对Cd的吸收,而Zn主要通过促进作物生长的稀释作用和植物体内生理拮抗作用抑制小白菜Cd的累积;外源添加1 mg ·kg^-1 Cd胁迫时,小白菜抗氧化胁迫能力受到显著抑制,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,丙二醛（MDA）大量积累;P和Zn均可提高CAT活性而提高小白菜抗氧化胁迫能力,缓解Cd毒害,而对POD活性影响不大;外源添加P和Zn与Cd胁迫含量比ω（Cd）：ω（Zn）：ω（P）为1 ：10 ：200时,小白菜产量最大（55.72 g ·pot^-1）,且可食部Cd含量低于国家绿叶蔬菜中Cd限量50 μg ·kg^-1的标准要求（GB 2762-2017）;增加P和Zn占比,Cd积累量进一步下降,但小白菜产量降低.因此适当施用P和Zn肥可降Cd并增产,实现蔬菜的安全生产.     

两种油菜配施水溶性壳聚糖修复典型铅污染农田土壤

为了探讨不同品种的油菜（Brassica napus L.）配施螯合剂对铅（Pb）污染土壤的修复效果,采用盆栽试验的方式,研究了甘蓝型油菜品种秦油1号（QY-1）和白菜型油菜品种三月黄（SYH）在0%、 2%和4%的水溶性壳聚糖（WSC）处理下对中国北方河南和南方广西两种典型Pb污染农田土壤中Pb吸收和转运的影响,并进一步在河南某Pb污染农田通过田间小区试验比较了两个油菜品种在WSC条件下的修复效率和经济效益.结果表明,盆栽条件下,与对照处理相比,QY-1和SYH的生物量受WSC含量和土壤类型影响显著,随着WSC含量增加QY-1的生物量在两种土壤条件下呈下降趋势,而低含量WSC处理下SYH生物量显著提高,在高含量WSC处理下生物量下降.如广西Pb污染土壤上2%WSC处理下SYH生物量上升最明显,与对照处理相比,生物量提高了80.96%.两个油菜品种不同部位Pb含量也受WSC含量和土壤类型的影响,QY-1地上部分和根部分在河南Pb污染土壤上随WSC含量的升高而增加,在广西Pb污染土壤上随WSC含量的升高而降低.Pb提取量是评价植物修复效率的关键.盆栽和田间试验结果表明,SYH配施WSC处...     

中国对虾两个不同地理种群遗传结构的RAPD分析

采用ＲＡＰＤ技术对中国对虾中国黄渤海沿岸种群（ＨＢ）和朝鲜半岛西海岸种群（ＰＫ）的遗传多样性进行检测。２０个随机引物（ＯＰＤ系列）在二个种群中都扩增出１４８条ＤＮＡ片段，其中多态性片段数分别为５４条和６５条，多态性片段的比例分别为３６．４９％和４３．９２％，种群的平均杂合度分别为０．１９８１和０．２３７５。实验表明，中国对虾朝鲜半岛西海岸种群的遗传多样性要比中国黄渤海沿岸种群高，但二个种群都处于较     

铬、镉、铅胁迫对青菜叶片几种生理生化指标的影响

研究了溶液培养条件下铬、镉、铅胁迫对青菜叶片细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量和游离脯氨酸含量等的影响，结果表明：随着Ｃｒ＾６＋，Ｃｄ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋处理时间的延长和处理浓度的增加，青菜叶片细胞膜透性显著增大，叶绿素ａ／ｂ值逐渐降低，游离脯氨酸含量明显增加，其中游离脯氨酸含量增加的时间比细胞膜透性增大明显超前，而叶绿素ａ／ｂ植降低的时间在这３种重金属中未见明显的规律性。